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Also, the above function impairments may be responsible for bone disorders associated with diabetes [ 14, 15].
However, recently, BMSCs from diabetic animals have been shown to have reduced proliferation and differentiation capacity, which may be responsible for bone disorders associated with diabetes [ 14, 15].
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) plays a central role in mineral and bone disorders associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD) [ 1].
Drugs that inhibit the RAS, namely, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are gaining increasing attention to evaluate their potential to increase bone quality and decrease fractures mainly in bone disorders associated with diabetes.
Besides traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, mineral bone disorders associated with chronic renal disease, and vascular calcifications (VC) in particular, have been identified as disease-specific risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hemodialysis patients [ 3- 5].
These results may help to explain the enhancement of rhPDGF-BB on fracture healing in diabetic rats in a cellular and molecular basis and also suggest that rhPDGFBB could be used as a potent agent in bone disorders associated with diabetes such as poor bone defect healing and osseointegration.
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The previous studies which mostly try to relate RAS inhibition with improvement of bone disorder associated with other cardiovascular diseases should also deduce the effects from the perspective of an independent bone disorder.
In addition, there are a number of risk factors that are fairly unique to advanced CKD and ESKD patients including the mineral bone disorder associated with CKD (CKD-MBD), the dialysis process itself as well as anaemia and its treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) [ 17, 19].
The use of renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and AngII receptor blockers either individually or in combination with each other could have promising results in fighting bone metabolic disorders associated with other cardiovascular diseases as well as independent bone injuries.
Praval bhasma (PB; Coral calx) is a natural source of rich calcium widely used in traditional system of Indian medicine as a supplement in the treatment of variety of bone metabolic disorders associated with calcium deficiency.
Coral Calx, known as Praval Bhasma in Sanskrit, is widely used in traditional system of Indian medicine as a supplement in the treatment of a variety of bone metabolic disorders associated with calcium deficiency.
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