Disruption of the bone cortex at the PCL insertion was seen in 21% of cases.
Plain radiography of the spine may show loss of bone cortex at the corner of the vertebral body, giving the appearance of an erosion, while reparative phenomena include squaring, sclerosis, syndesmophytes, and, ultimately, complete ankylosis Destructive changes at the vertebral endplate appear radiographically as spondylodiscitis.
Also, the increased friction force between K-wires and bone cortex by increasing the inclination angle of the entry hole could prevent the wires from backing-out and collapse at the fracture (Fig. 3).
These channels penetrated through the bone cortex and into the marrow space (figure 2A).
US has several intrinsic limitations, such as the presence of artefacts produced at the bone cortex, abnormal setting of the machine (that is, increased pulse repetition frequency, reduced gain and altered persistence) and the incapability of penetrating the cortex to identify subchondral lesions, cysts or bone marrow lesions.
However, the threshold needs to be clearly identified due to the difficulty of differentiating the cancellous bone from the cortex at the metaphyseal region [ 10, 42].
The bone cortex of dwarf Candiacervus femora indicates skeletal maturity at five to seven years whereas Megaloceros reached skeletal maturity at five to six years.
These are benign protuberant hyaline cartilaginous tumours, which arise from the periosteum and are superficial to the bone cortex.
b CT, axial slice, bone windowing: confirmation of the lesion, with extreme thinning and focal interruption of the bone cortex.
The chosen nail, which was as long as possible without distracting the fracture by impinging on dense distal metaphyseal bone or protruding above the cortex at the insertion site, was inserted with the appropriate instruments.
Contrary to previously reported data13, the bone cortex of Archaeopteryx is well vascularised (Fig. 1c h, Supplementary Data 1).
