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There are also animal welfare issues: "there's a high incidence of cannibalism in cage-free systems, and also high incidence of bone breakage," he says.
Evidence of cannibalism, in the form of cut marks, tooth marks and tell-tale bone breakage has been found at a number of prehistoric sites, including in France, Spain and Belgium, revealing that our ancestors as well as other hominins such as Neanderthals and Homo antecessor at least occasionally ate each other.
"They cannot establish a pecking order the way they would in a normal-size flock, but it's an instinct so the animal still tries to do this, and that results in a high incidence of cannibalism in cage-free systems, as well as higher incidence of bone breakage," Mitloehner says.
In short, they argue in a paper published in Nature that the bone breakage patterns show that Lucy died after falling out of a tree, probably from 30 feet up or so.
Much like the marks on a kitchen cutting board, the direct evidence for this occurs on the bones themselves in the form of distinct cutmarks, as well as unique patterning of bone breakage distinctive of hominins determined through experimentation (Lyman 1994; Fig. 2).
"If the bones of antelopes, warthogs and lions show similar bone breakage, it probably wouldn't be due to a fall from a great height," he said.
Similar(47)
"First, the life-threatening injuries were treated, which included severe bone breakages and trauma.
It would be wrong to assume that all race-related injuries are the result of bone breakages.
They are: migration of the tendon proximally with a gap between the tendon and the bone, suture breakage, and a distance between the bone and the muscle of over 1 cm.
None of the tensioners No. 2 showed any complication with fixation on the scapular bone or breakage of the Nitinol® rotating axis.
He also notes that molds apparently taken of some of the bones caused breakage and loss of anatomic detail in the cranial base of the skull and jawbone.
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