A more recent study used an animal model to estimate 35% heritability in alveolar bone loss, after adjustment for age and sex (33).
Physical activity, especially weight-bearing sport-specific activity, is positively associated with femoral neck bone density after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, menopausal status, lean body mass, and total body fat [ 32].
In a cross-sectional study, Jones and colleagues [ 25] showed that grade 1 medial osteophytosis was associated with a 10 to 16% increase in both medial and lateral tibial bone areas after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI.
Population-based epidemiologic studies have shown that women with radiographic changes of knee [ 5, 9, 12, 23] or hand OA [ 5, 10, 12] have increased bone mass after adjustment for age and other covariates, compared to those without OA.
Epidemiologic studies have shown that women with radiographic changes in the knee or the hand have an increased bone mass after adjustment for age and other covariates as compared with those women without OA [ 10, 11].
In contrast, the association with BMDC was attenuated by approximately 30% after adjustment for puberty or bone resorption, and by 50% after adjustment for both factors combined.
Additionally, it permits earlier weightbearing and postoperative adjustment of bone alignment and joint compression.
However, relationships between birth weight and PC were unaffected by adjustment for bone resorption as reflected by CTX.
After further adjustment for bone specific alkaline phosphatase, serum sclerostin levels dropped out of the multivariable model as a significant variable.
The association between meniscal extrusion and knee cartilage defects became nonsignificant after adjustment for bone area and/or osteophytes, suggesting that extrusion may represent one pathway between bone expansion and cartilage loss.
