Axial separation between metacarpal bones; abnormal carpal, metacarpal and phalangeal bones; syndactyly; and separation between the radius and ulna are some of the radiological features reported [ 5, 7, 10, 14].
Rickets, disease of infancy and childhood characterized by softening of the bones, leading to abnormal bone growth and caused by a lack of vitamin D in the body.
Late-stage syphilis causes significant and identifiable changes in the structure of bone, including abnormal growths.
Heterotopic ossification is the development of bone in abnormal sites.
FD shows replacement of lamellar bone with abnormal metaplastic immature woven bone, forming irregular curvilinear trabeculae on histology; this appearance has been described as "Chinese characters" or alphabet soup.
On MRI, the PF, perifascial soft tissues and adjacent bone show abnormal high signal intensity on fluid-sensitive sequences, low signal intensity on T1-weighted sequences and significant contrast enhancement (Fig. 8) [2, 67].
GPRC6A−/− mice have a metabolic syndrome characterized by defective osteoblast-mediated bone mineralization, abnormal renal handling of calcium and phosphorus, fatty liver, glucose intolerance and disordered steroidogenesis.
Osseous choristoma is a lesion that is microscopically characterized by normal bone in abnormal sites [ 11].
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative disease of the synovial joint that involves the degradation of articular cartilage, subchondral bone sclerosis, abnormal bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane [ 1, 2].
Disorders of mineral-bone metabolism leading to abnormal bone architecture and fracture may in part explain the relationship between CKD and low physical function.
