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Crystal field theory is an artificial parameterization of the bonding in complexes, for it models the actual bonding in terms of an array of point charges.
A more complete description of coordinate bonding, in terms of electron pairs, became possible in the 1920s, following the introduction of the concept that all covalent bonds consist of electron pairs shared between atoms, an idea advanced chiefly by the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis.
Later, in 1927, Walter Heitler and Fritz London gave the full explanation of the electron-pair formation and chemical bonding in terms of quantum mechanics.
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The macroscopic decrease in the content of heavy components implies the probable pyrolysis of C R (R=S, N, and O) bonds in terms of microscopic molecular structure.
The topological theory of molecular structure developed by Bader defines the concepts of atoms and bonds in terms of the topological properties of the observable charge distribution [Rep Prog Phys 44 (1981) 893].
Traders still quot corporate bonds in terms of their spread to Treasurys, but the benchmark for the U.S. dollar capital markets is shifting away from government debt to interest-rate swaps.
Note that the definitions for Type-I and Type-II contacts are not exactly the same as salt bridges and hydrogen bonds in terms of geometrical requirements, yet they can be still very important [ 47].
There are significant costs to dissolving pair bonds, in terms of the potential failure to find a new mate, and the loss of paternal investment in existing offspring, such that on balance, dissolution may only be beneficial in pair bonds with no offspring.
The selected compounds showed appreciable binding to the binding site of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins as determined by analyzing their bonding interactions in terms of H-bond, hydrophobic interactions and binding free energy (− ΔG, kcal/mol) of the selected best docked poses (Table 2).
The critical surface roughness of the core was about 0.58 μm below which bonding quality in terms of area contact and bonding energy can be significantly improved.
Regarding bond of rebars to concrete, fibers provide passive confinement and improve bond capacity in terms of bond strength and, more importantly, toughness.
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