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Acyl-ACP thioesterases can hydrolyze the thioester bond between the acyl moiety and ACP.
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However, ether bond exists between the acyl group and the head group of archaeal membrane lipids, in contrast to the ester or amide bond in bacterial and eukaryotic membrane lipids.
Alkaline ceramidase and Per1 are hydrolases acting on the amide or ester bond between the hydrophobic acyl group and the hydrophilic head group (sphingosine or glycerol).
CREST members such as alkaline ceramidase and Per1 are proposed to hydrolyze the amide or ester bond between the hydrophobic acyl group and the hydrophilic head group (sphingosine or glycerol).
The structural differences in the GES-2 active site give rise to a tightly bound deacylating water molecule, and it is the abundance and nature of the hydrogen bonding interactions between the acyl-enzyme complex and this water molecule that attenuate its activation for deacylation and subsequently make this step less efficient in GES-2 when compared to GES-5.
The gene has three AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase domains, four acyl carrier domains (IPR009081) to activate the cognate amino acid, four condensation domains to catalyze peptide bond formation between the amino acyl and peptidyl substrates of adjacent domains and one AMP-binding enzyme C-terminal domain [ 29].
In the second step, the release of AMP occurs concomitantly during thioester bond formation between the fatty acyl group and the sulfhydryl group of coenzyme A in the second step [23].
In the first step of activation, an acyl bond between the α-phosphoryl group of an ATP and the carboxyl group of a FA is formed creating a fatty acyl-adenylate intermediate and releasing pyrophosphate.
Fatty acid synthase (FAS -mediated de novo lipogenesis generates FAS -mediatedA that is utilizedeby glyceronovoosphate O-acylipogenesise (generates reduced to a fatty alcohol by a fatty acyl-CoA reducthat (FAR1 or FAR2) to later be catalyzed by alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS), formisg the ether bond and exchanging the acyl chain for an alkyl groutilized
Later, the fatty acyl desaturases (DESs) introduce double bonds in the acyl chains, and then, specific β-oxidation enzymes shorten the chains.
This leads to the creation of a new peptide bond between the C-terminus of the peptide released from the acyl-enzyme intermediate and the N-terminus of the nucleophilic peptide).
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