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Energetic electrons and ions, with the flux of the latter being more isotropic, bombard surface ice, sputtering atoms and molecules off and causing radiolysis of water and other chemical compounds.
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Mass spectra of secondary ions ejected from a bombarded surface supply valuable data on its composition and give insights into physical and chemical processes at the surface.
First experiments on electron emission from such bombarded surfaces were performed.
Early in Earth's history, asteroids containing gold continued to bombard the surface.
Another method of modifying a wafer is to bombard its surface with extra atoms.
Reactive ion etching technique was performed to bombard the surface of protein film with charged particles (ionized oxygen).
The spacecraft measured lunar water indirectly by looking at the behavior of neutrons, subatomic particles that constantly bombard the surface.
Electronic lenses would represent a fundamentally different approach from existing electron microscopes, which bombard a surface with high-energy beams of electrons, obliterating any subtle effects within the objects being observed.
This phenomenon is vital to making our planet livable; the captured electrons and protons zip back and forth between Earth's magnetic poles instead of streaming through the atmosphere to bombard the surface.
The scanning electron microscope utilizes electrons to bombard a surface, but the intensity of either backscattered (deflected through angles greater than 90°) or transmitted electrons is measured rather than the intensity of X rays.
UV-ozone cleaning is a very gentle process which does not bombard the surface with ions.
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