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Using this robust phylogeny for the family and considering ancient fossil amphiumids, we present hypotheses for the evolution of extreme body size changes and its implications for ecological and genetic divergence in this family.
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Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the association between body size change and BP.
A recently published experimental study used a body illusion to confirm Poincaré's notion that changing body size changes the perceived size of objects ("Barbie-doll illusion"; van der Hoort, Guterstam, & Ehrsson, 2011).
For instance, variation in body size between N2 and BO has previously been mapped to chromosome IV (Knight et al. 2001), and one of the chromosome IV body size QTL identified here (Table 2) contains tra-3, a gene polymorphic between CB4856 and N2 that affects how body size changes across temperatures (Kammenga et al. 2007).
Nervous systems, muscles, and motor organs (biomechanics) generate movement cooperatively and should therefore change coordinately as body size changes.
They found body size changes in only six cases with half showing an increase and half showing a decrease.
It is worth noting that the non-allometric component of body shape only explained ca. 24% and 12% of total shape variation in females and males, respectively, compared to the 66 and 38% of shape variation associated with body size changes.
First noted in 1964, this pattern of body size changes in insular mammals became known as the "Island Rule".
Processes governing body size changes are therefore important in the diversification of this species.
The museum studies measured body size changes of various species (primarily carnivores) collected over the last 40 60 years.
Our results, therefore, suggest that processes governing body size changes are important in the diversification of body shape in P. vivipara.
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