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Indeed, the body shape difference between other Midas cichlid species, such as syntopic thin-lipped A. citrinellus and thick-lipped A. labiatus in the great lakes Managua and Nicaragua, is much more pronounced [ 22, 41] than what we found between the orthologous thin- and thick-lipped morphs in Apoyeque.
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This brings support to the role for natural selection in driving body shape differences between these forms.
It seems highly likely that the body shape differences between non-sympatric and sympatric T. moorii populations are caused by ecological character displacement.
A common garden experiment revealed that body shape differences between a reservoir and stream population had a genetic basis, and the rearing of offspring with and without predators induced phenotypic plasticity in body shape.
For our phenotypic analyses, we first considered body shape differences between guppies from oil-polluted versus not-polluted habitats, as well as the extent to which any such differences were convergent/parallel between the rivers.
Population-of-origin could arguably be a random factor; however, in this instance, the two populations were chosen based on a priori knowledge of body shape differences between the populations (i.e., based on preliminary analysis, shape variation was greatest between these populations).
Body shape differs between these life history types in association with the environment.
Body shape differed among lakes and was significantly correlated to differences in predation pressure.
This means that shape differences between populations are preserved and correspond to different shape proportions during growth.
Shape differences between T. moorii and T. polli were detected for overall body proportions, pectoral fin position, as well as the relative size and shape of the head.
As with body shape, the differences in LPJ shape between color morphs in each population separately was variable in extent and significance (Additional file 1: Table S2).
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