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The past two decades have witnessed a surge of interest in applying geometric morphometric approaches to understand how body shape changes and how such a change is associated with allometry during ontogeny [21] [23].
Given that during pregnancy a woman's body increases in size, her body shape changes, and pregnancy-related physical symptoms become more pronounced, women who retain societal standards of appearance are likely to experience increased body dissatisfaction.
Note that women who have experienced menopause show body shape changes and increased visceral adiposity [ 40- 42] and that facial characteristics may differ according to gender and age [ 28, 29].
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Unlike meristic counts, providing information restricted to particular skeletal elements, the development of geometric morphometric techniques allowed quantification and visualization of overall body shape changes [ 41- 43] and their relationships with other variables, improving the ability to conceptually and statistically link ecology with morphology [ 44, 45].
Here, we use data from the AntiRetroviral Research fOr Watoto (ARROW) trial, in which pubertal development was assessed every 24 weeks in older children/adolescents initiating ART in Uganda/Zimbabwe, to estimate the impact of age at ART initiation in later childhood on pubertal milestones, menarche, height and body shape changes.
Similarly, glycaemia was significantly related to body shape changes in men viewed from the side and was weakly associated with increased abdominal obesity.
One concern is puberty – both pubertal delay (and associated impact including stigma) and the possibility of major body shape changes.
In stream fishes, body shape changes have occurred in response to the construction of dams, which disrupt gene flow and create pond-like habitats (Haas et al. 2010; Franssen 2011).
Objective To describe the body shape changes in the syndrome of fat redistribution or lipodystrophy seen in patients infected with HIV.
In particular, based on the observation that the rotation of each link in essence creates a linear displacement of the CM of each link, the idea is to describe the body shape changes of an underwater snake robot as linear displacements of the links with respect to each other instead of rotational displacements.
For instance, these approaches have been used to study the ontogeny of body shape change for a few number of fishes [24], [25], showing that body shape changes during ontogeny are not simply the result of uniform large-scale events but that localized small-scale shape changes contribute to its ontogeny.
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