Paired body projections then are used to inject the sperm into the female, and the pellet is dropped.
The tubercles are fleshy body projections that are either short and bump-like or long and filament-like.
To ensure this new collection was complete, Aso et al. used an independent live-labeling method to mark the cells that had mushroom body projections.
This pattern of results is completely at odds with the explanation that the direct hippocampal → anterior thalamic projections are effective at compensating for the loss of the hippocampal → mammillary body projections as in all three surgeries (mammillary body, mammillothalamic tract, descending postcommissural fornix), this same direct hippocampal → anterior thalamic compensation should occur.
At the same time, it must be remembered that the mammillary bodies project very densely across the anterior thalamic nuclei, i.e., the separate hippocampal → anterior thalamic nuclei and hippocampal → mammillary body projections potentially converge in the anterior thalamus after just one relay in the latter (hippocampal → mammillary body) pathway.
Despite completely disconnecting the hippocampal → mammillary body projections, the impact of this surgery on spatial learning proved to be remarkably slight, as only mild deficits were apparent on T-maze alternation, while acquisition of spatial working memory tasks in the radial-arm maze and the Morris water maze were not impaired (Vann et al., 2010).
A new kind of duality between intersection bodies and projection bodies is presented.
For visual evaluation, maximum intensity whole-body projections as well as coronal, axial, and sagittal slices were reconstructed from the PET datasets (e.soft4.0, Leonardo workstation, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany).
In some experiments, the maximum ∆F/F occurred in projections though it could not be discerned from which cell body the projection originated.
