Animal models of protein misfolding disease offer an opportunity to study these events, in particular, in circuits where the cell body of origin is well defined.
This paper highlights the importance of knowing the neuronal cell body of origin of synapses, which makes it possible to demonstrate cell body-related changes that may precede both degeneration of the synapse and morphological changes in the cell body.
Silver impregnation performed 1-2 dafterftransientient forebrain ischemia in the Mongolian gerbil demonstrated terminal-like granular deposits in the outer two-thirds of the hippocampal dentate molecular layer (perforant path terminal zone), even though neither the cell bodies of origin of the perforant path nor the dentate granule cells were destroyed.
The cell bodies of origin of these synapses, the CA3 pyramidal cells, do not degenerate during the course of the disease, but during late stages of the disease they shrink and show abnormal vacuolation of their dendrites (Belichenko et al., 2000; Gray et al., 2009).
Serotonergic innervations are widely spread throughout the brain with cell bodies of origin lying in the dorsal (DRN) or median (MRN) raphe nucleus, and a column of raphe nuclei in lower brainstem regions, projecting to basically all divisions of the brain and spinal cord (Fig. 1).
In these mice, the peripheral synapses in a defined muscle with their cell bodies of origin in the appropriate spinal cord segment are readily studied and it has been shown that synapses at the neuromuscular junction degenerate prior to the cell soma (Frey et al., 2000; Fischer et al., 2004).
Fibroblast cultures were named according to the body side of origin (S2L for example indicates the culture obtained from the biopsy taken at the left arm of patient S2).
However, developing such a scheme remains cumbersome due to the current lack of genomic data of Scedosporium spp. For all 3 Scedosporium spp., there was no clustering of strains according to their geographic or body site of origin or by their ability to cause invasive disease, which is in agreement with previous findings for S. apiospermum (20, 30 ) and S. prolificans (16, 17, 21 ).
We believe and demonstrate to a reasonable extent that C. circularis most likely was a part of Tawuia-like cylindrical body of algal origin.
Correlation of the concentrations of rhodium and iridium, the latter determined by neutron-activation analysis, has provided much support to the theory that the high concentration of iridium found in the Cretaceous-Tertiary, or Cretaceous-Paleogene, boundary was caused by a large body of cosmic origin falling on Earth.
However, in a few male specimens we found a tiny heterochromatin body of uncertain origin (Additional file 2: Figure S2d).
