We therefore chose to assume that the latency between 'exposure' and outcome would be, on average, 10 years, and thus examine the effects on cancers occurring in 2010 from suboptimal levels of body mass in 2000.
We describe Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for fitting the model to biological data paying special attention to ancestral state reconstruction, and study the performance of the model in comparison with a selection of existing comparative methods, using both simulated data and a database of body mass in 1,679 mammalian species.
No specific mechanism has been put forth for LMW phthalates, but other studies have identified similar associations (Stahlhut et al. 2007; Teitelbaum et al. 2012), suggesting the need for further studies of possible mechanisms for LMW phthalates to influence body mass in early life.
However, all abovementioned studies used young mice with the body mass in a 10-30 g range (on a regular diet).
To evaluate the effectiveness of neck circumference (NC) as a measure for assessing risk of excess body mass in children aged 13-24 months.
There has been evidence that glucocorticoids and its associated signalling pathway are involved in accelerating protein degradation in muscle, which results in loss of lean body mass in cachexia (Tisdale, 2009).
Moreover, the relationship between blood glucose and body mass in mouse lemurs in the winter season is consistent with the known relationships between body fat (white adipose tissue) and glucose and food intake, which has been previously shown in mouse lemurs [ 32].
Line crosses involving body mass in beef cattle and poultry (Stonaker 1963), fecundity in Drosophila (Brown and Bell 1960), and survival in swine (Cox 1960) also showed one sex to exhibit a greater degree of heterosis.
The full article, "Higher testosterone levels are associated with less loss of lean body mass in older men," appears in the December 2011 issue of JCEM.
Nevertheless, one might be tempted to pursue such speculations based on the enormous body mass of sauropod dinosaurs, given the widespread notion that digestive efficiency increases with increasing body mass in herbivores (Demment & van Soest, 1985).
