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That's because unlike a genetic test, which can be done using nearly any cells in the body, gene expression testing has to be performed on the specific tissue of interest in this case, brains that could only be obtained through autopsies.
The lack of sexually dimorphic body gene expression in our study could also be a consequence of high among-individual variance in body gene expression, although we took many steps experimentally to reduce this.
Fat body gene expression after M. acridum challenge appears to function mainly through activation of innate immune related genes, energy metabolism and development related genes.
Thus, changes in fat body gene expression in response to pathogens can result in a steep energy and/or reproductive cost [ 52].
Polar body gene expression profiling might be an important safe tool to verify the molecular status of in vivo or in vitro matured oocytes before the in vitro fertilization procedure.
High body gene expression variance among females in our samples could also explain why ovary-upregulated genes from the other studies did not demonstrate statistically different expression levels in our study.
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We explore whole-body gene expression changes under two sets of environmental cues.
Genes in T. castaneum have been linked to male function by their expression in male accessory glands [ 18], by patterns of male-biased whole-body gene expression [ 17], or mass spectrometry of seminal fluid proteins [ 19].
We found that when females encounter other females on a patch or assess host quality with their ovipositors, the resulting changes in sex allocation is not associated with significant changes in whole-body gene expression.
These results and those of Tarver et al. [ 18] suggest next-generation transcriptome sequencing as a potentially informative approach for investigating whole-body gene expression impacts by JH + SHE treatments, as well as individual SHE components.
Interestingly, although whole-body gene expression profiles differ extensively between males and females [Cor < 0.5, previously reported (30)], the male and female head transcription program is highly similar (Max cor > 0.84), which would perhaps enable direct comparisons between male and female heads in differential expression studies.
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