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Although the act of smoking acutely increases haemodynamic activity, the present findings contribute to a growing body of literature showing that smokers have blunted reactivity to mental stress.
They also support the hypothesis that blunted reactivity may be characteristic of a range of dependencies.
Thus, children experiencing maltreatment, harsh punishment, or punishment mixed with reward might develop a blunted reactivity to negative emotional arousal and punishment, specifically when they have low and stable levels of serotonin availability (e.g., the 5- HTTLPR L-allele or MAOA high-activity allele).
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Recent studies indicate that children who were adopted internationally after experiencing early institutional rearing and unstable caregiving exhibit blunted HPA reactivity to stressful situations.
It was hypothesized that primary renal sodium retention blunted the reactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to changes in salt intake in preeclampsia (PE).
A discordant MZ twin design shows blunted cortisol reactivity among bullied children.
A discordant monozygotic twin design shows blunted cortisol reactivity among bullied children.
Therefore, one has to assume that both exaggerated as well as blunted cardiovascular reactivity can be maladaptive [41, 42].
Ouellet-Morin, I., Danese, A., Bowes, L., Shakoor, S., Ambler, A., Pariante, C., Papadopoulos, A., Caspi, A Moffitt, T.E., & Arseneault, L., A discordant MZ twin design shows blunted cortisol reactivity among bullied children, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 50 (2011), pp. 574-582.
Studies have suggested a potential role for perception of threat and sense of control, 40 emotion dysregulation, 41 blunted cortisol reactivity, 42 and increased methylation of the serotonin transporter gene 43 among others.
Prior research has suggested that both exaggerated [ 27] and blunted blood pressure reactivity [ 28] to laboratory stressors can be related to later problematic health outcomes.
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