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On one hand, smaller jugular foramina can act as a stenosis on the cerebral blood outflow, reducing upstream cerebral perfusion; on the other hand, the opposite may be true, i.e. reduced cerebral perfusion may result in reduced downstream cerebral outflow with reduced jugular foramina size during cranial development.
In addition, disturbed venous blood outflow from fast growing metaphysis can obstruct intercellular fluid circulation and leads to cyst formation [ 2– 4].
From a dynamic point of view, the brain constantly interacts with the arterial blood inflow on one hand and venous blood outflow and ventricular and subarachnoid CSF outflow on the other.
The nutcracker phenomenon refers to the compression of the left renal vein between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery with impaired blood outflow accompanied by distention of the distal portion of the vein.
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Silastic catheters were inserted into the dorsal nasal vein through the angular vein of the eye to reach the ophthalmic sinus, from which venous blood outflowing from the eye area was collected.
The addition of the flow from the two sinuses gave the total outflow blood volume.
Measurement of flow rate through the tube was accomplished via collection of outflow blood over timed intervals.
The meta-analysis included 13 high-quality studies comparing controlled central venous pressure with control in liver surgery, and it demonstrated a strong relationship between blood loss and outflow system of liver blood supply.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to measure the venous sinus outflow blood volume and the sinus cross-sectional area in a cohort of individuals with chronic hydrocephalus and compare the estimated sinus pressures with those of a group of age-matched controls and a group of young healthy individuals.
The small priming volume (190 ml), reduced membrane surface area (0.5 m), and use of a percutaneously inserted dual lumen venous catheter (15 Fr) to provide blood inflow and outflow make the entire system suitable for repetitive use in patients with hypercapnic acute respiratory failure.
Such interconnections promote the outflow of blood, which decreases the overall resistance of microvascular networks resulting in elevated blood volume flow and, thus, increased RBC velocities (Less et al., 1997; Yang and Murfee, 2012).
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