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However, the early steps of facial muscle specification have been shown to be independent of the presence of neural crest cells, since ablation of cranial neural crest cells in chick and amphibian embryos does not block initiation of the myogenic program in the branchial arches [21], [25] [27].
To determine whether autophagy has a direct role in regulating the levels of dNTPs, we knocked down BECN1/BECLIN1 by expressing sh BECN1 (Fig. S7) to block initiation of the autophagy pathway.
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This hypothesis is supported by our observations that silencing of BECN1 to block initiation of autophagy desensitized the cells to rapamycin-induced downregulation of dNTPs.
Rifampicin (final concentration 300 (µg/mL) was subsequently added and culture was continued for a further 3 h to block initiation of DNA replication [13].
As a class, macrolides act via the same mechanism, namely, binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and blocking initiation of protein synthesis [ 4].
The study by Zoltan et al. showed that blocking initiation of autophagy with a cell permeable dominant negative Atg5 mutant Tat-Atg5K130RR) abolished the cardioprotective effects of the autophagy-inducing drug, chloramphenicol [ 2].
These data would be compatible with a potential repressor protein binding to the RDRM and blocking initiation of transcription in standard growth conditions.
Consequently, any enrichment of miRNPs in sponge bodies (whose similarity with P bodies includes an almost complete lack of ribosomes [35]), would be consistent with repression blocking initiation of translation.
Mammalian YB1 prevents eIF4G from binding to eIF4E, and blocks initiation of translation (Nekrasov et al., 2003).
For example, SIRT1 can counteract various genotoxic insults, including oxidative DNA damage, thereby blocking initiation of carcinogenesis.
Barrier insertion at stage 9 blocks initiation of Tbx5 expression, but Tbx5 is expressed following barrier placement later at stage 13.
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