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Although there may have been some nondifferential misclassification of the mammographic density readings that would have biased the results towards the null, we think any such misclassification is likely to have been minimal, given the high correlations between duplicate blinded readings and the high correlation between the readings used and those of an expert reader.
Strengths of the present study include the blinded readings and the high inter-observer agreement resulting in small MDC values, especially by CAS.
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The reading included blinded double reading and scoring in two independent reading arms: Reading arm DBT and Reading arm DM (Fig. 1).
Second, the reader of these images with either scale or technology was blinded to his readings using the opposite scale and to his readings on the opposite technology.
Physicians conducting the ECG readings were not blinded to the patient; blinded reading would be preferable in a study that specifically aims to explore the potential of resting ECG to predict exercise-test outcome.
Otherwise each reader was blinded to the readings of the other reader.
A third reviewer blinded to the readings of the first two reviewers served as arbitrator of differences.
In the control group, probe readings were obtained by a study nurse on insertion and at four hours or at extubation if <4 h, but the clinical team was blinded to these readings.
The evaluations for this intra- and interobserver reliability study were carried out by 2 senior musculoskeletal radiologists (KT and ML) independently of each other who were blinded regarding previous readings.
The readers who performed all of the readings were blinded to the patients' characteristics and biomarker readings.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com