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However, the indentation modulus of the interface blending zones was significantly decreased.
The stiffness and the adhesive properties were evaluated along the blending zone between the RAS and virgin binders.
Furthermore, the AFM force spectroscopy results showed that the rejuvenators increased the interfacial blending zone adhesive bonding energy.
Furthermore, the rejuvenator addition and a high aged binder temperature increase the blending zone length between binders.
The AFM indentation modulus of interfacial blending zone correlated well with the Hamburg Wheel Tracking test of the high RAP content mixtures.
Finally, the results the beam fatigue test suggested that the interfacial blending zone bonding energy might be one of the factors dictating fatigue performance of high RAP mixtures.
The comparison between the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and AFM results indicated that the interfacial blending zone properties are different than those of the blends prepared by manually mixing RAP and virgin binders.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) techniques were used to study the effects of rejuvenators on the nano-mechanical properties of the interfacial blending zone that forms between RAP and virgin asphalt binders in a high RAP content mixture.
The blending zone in their case followed a single parallel and had constant width.
Therefore the proposed method introduces a blending zone with spatially variable width derived from elevation differences, which ensures smooth transition for large edge artifacts and at the same time reduces the smoothing effect when not desired.
Moreover, sub-meter resolution DEMs capture microtopography and above ground features not present in lower-resolution DEMs leading to larger elevation differences along the DEMs seam, which require wider blending zone in order to achieve smooth transition.
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