(2) Bleeding was defined as an admission with a bleeding diagnosis (including cerebral bleedings, bleedings from the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal bleedings and bleedings from the urinary tract).
Major bleeding was defined as intracranial, pulmonary, retroperitoneal, or gastrointestinal bleeding found clinically or with imaging techniques.
Minor bleeding was defined as bleeding at the site of puncture for central venous lines or other catheters, the nasopharyngeal zone, epistaxis, or from skin lesions.
Major bleeding was defined as bleeding that was either fatal, involved the failure of a critical organ, or was associated with a decrease in the hemoglobin level of 2.0 g/dL or more or required the infusion of 2 or more units of blood.
We classified cases into upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding; upper bleeding was defined as bleeding originating from the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum; lower bleeding was defined as bleeding arising from the colon or rectum.
Massive bleeding was defined as transfusion ≥10 units of RBCs.
Major bleeding was defined as any bleeding requiring blood transfusion.
Less-severe bleeding was defined as minor bleeding [ 5].
Persistent endobronchial bleeding was defined as requiring continuous suctioning for ≥ 2 min [ 3].
Post-ESD bleeding was defined as postoperative hematemesis or melena requiring endoscopic hemostasis.
TIMI minor bleeding was defined as observed bleeding with decrease in haemoglobin ≥3 <5 g/dL.
