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It is of possibility that the cement pastes without or with low dosage of VMA may exhibit certain bleeding of water, therefore, a relatively thin layer of water will be formed on the outer surface of extruded filaments, which produce negative effect on the contact or bonding between adjacent layers.
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Bleeding of free water is reduced by using fly ash because of the increase of solids and therefore less segregation of the solids [9].
These consequential effects, such as amount of bleed water and time of setting, were accounted for in the slab measurements.
The test results of this research work indicate that at fixed water cement ratio, workability and loss of water from bleeding decreased with the use of coal bottom ash as a replacement of river sand in concrete.
The replacement of red mud in mixtures could induce an increase in the amount of surface-adsorbed water and eventually make a decrease in bleeding due to the amount of water being fixed in this study.
This is marked by internal bleeding, and by the leakage of water and salts from blood vessels (vascular leakage).
The volume of bleed water which accumulated at the surface of the CLSM was recorded until two successive readings showed no further bleeding.
These factors may have resulted in a decrease in the amount of bleed water accumulating beneath the top bars, which is the primary cause of the top bar effect.
Suddenly, gastrointestinal cells are destroyed, with a loss of water and excessive bleeding.
Therefore, it is expected that the effect of bleed water should be reduced for ECC and hence, higher bond strength should be expected (Davalos et al. 2008).
This could be attributed to the greater amount of bleed water trapped beneath the larger bar diameter for NC creating voids which consequently reduces the bond strength by reducing rebar-concrete the contact area.
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