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Gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as bleeding from any source in the gastrointestinal tract.
"Bleeding" is defined as vaginal bleeding that requires the use of sanitary protection.
Moderate bleeding is defined as any bleeding that does not lead to hemodynamic compromise but that requires transfusion.
Clinically important upper gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as macroscopic bleeding that results in haemodynamic instability or the need for red blood cell transfusion [ 2, 3].
Massive bleeding is defined as the loss of one blood volume within 24 hours, or as 50% blood loss within 3 hours or a bleeding rate of 150 ml/minute [ 38].
Failure to control active bleeding is defined as death or need to change treatment defined by one of the following criteria: 16 17 Fresh haematemesis or nasogastric aspiration of ≥100 mL of fresh blood ≥2 h after the start of a specific drug treatment or therapeutic endoscopy.
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(2) Bleeding was defined as an admission with a bleeding diagnosis (including cerebral bleedings, bleedings from the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal bleedings and bleedings from the urinary tract).
Major bleeding was defined as intracranial, pulmonary, retroperitoneal, or gastrointestinal bleeding found clinically or with imaging techniques.
Minor bleeding was defined as bleeding at the site of puncture for central venous lines or other catheters, the nasopharyngeal zone, epistaxis, or from skin lesions.
Major bleeding was defined as bleeding that was either fatal, involved the failure of a critical organ, or was associated with a decrease in the hemoglobin level of 2.0 g/dL or more or required the infusion of 2 or more units of blood.
We classified cases into upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding; upper bleeding was defined as bleeding originating from the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum; lower bleeding was defined as bleeding arising from the colon or rectum.
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