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We performed an analytical and descriptive review of the literature using the terms "near-infrared spectroscopy" combined with "anesthesia," "anesthesiology," "intensive care," "critical care," "sepsis," "bleeding," "hemorrhage," "surgery," and "trauma" with particular focus on all NIRS studies involving measurement at the thenar eminence.
A precise regulation mechanism prevents aberrant coagulation that results in an increased risk of bleeding (hemorrhage) or obstructive clotting (thrombosis).
Bleeding: hemorrhage needing blood transfusion products (> 4 packed cells) and/or hemorrhagic shock during ICU admission.
The other more severe form, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) may present with abdominal bleeding, hemorrhage and circulatory failure, which is fatal if without prompt and proper management [ 4].
About 80% of these deaths are due to severe bleeding (hemorrhage), infections, high blood pressure (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia) and unsafe abortion [ 3].
Removing a foreign object can cause uncontrollable bleeding (hemorrhage).
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"Let them both bleed, hemorrhage to death: that's the strategic thinking here.
These ulcerative lesions may bleed; hemorrhaging in severe cases may be massive and fatal (4, 5).
Although NOACs compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have demonstrated a similar or slightly lower rate of major bleeding and a lower rate of intracranial or fatal bleeding, hemorrhaging still represents the main adverse effect of anticoagulant treatment.
Here, we elaborate on the acute management of hypertension and surgical interventions, mostly relevant to intra-parenchymal bleed hemorrhages.
Retinal detachment is often found hand-in-hand with small bleeds, or hemorrhages, at the back of the eye.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com