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With coral bleaching, strong emphasis has been placed on the role of algal symbiont diversity as a means to respond to bleaching, i.e. the adaptive bleaching hypothesis [62] [66].
Uninhabited and protected Jarvis, Howland, and Baker atolls lie 1° to 1.6° to the south of Kiritimati and exhibit relatively higher chlorophyll a concentrations and more frequent SST anomalies associated with coral bleaching (i.e., NOAA Level 2 events; Table 1) [66], [66].
The first visual sign of heat stress to the coral holobiont (i.e. host, symbionts, and associated microorganisms) is bleaching, i.e. the loss of photosynthetic symbionts [ 4].
Coral bleaching (i.e., the release of coral symbiotic zooxanthellae) has negative impacts on biodiversity and functioning of reef ecosystems and their production of goods and services.
Over the last 20 years, massive coral bleaching (i.e., loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae hosted within scleractinian corals) has increased dramatically, both in frequency and spatial extent (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999; Hughes et al. 2003; Knowlton 2001).
Two types of favorable outcomes included reefs that survived bleaching (i.e., were resilient) and reefs that were not exposed to elevated sea surface temperatures (e.g., may be located within refugia such as areas exposed to upwelling or cooler currents).
Similar(52)
Resuspension of the plaque in 1 50 dilution of the household bleach, i.e., "the hypochlorite working solution" resulted in a complete inhibition of bacterial growth on a blood agar.
"If you don't like the color we can bleach it," I said.
The week he opened the childproof bottle of Clorox and accidentally doused himself in bleach ("I wanted to help you with the laundry," he told Darlene) was the placebo week.
I took a fairly relaxed view that as long as the lavatory was regularly bleached, I brushed my teeth and kept the kitchen surfaces reasonably clean then I didn't have to think too much about what goes on at the microbial level.
"With Bleached, I've been as honest as I can be.
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