After reviewing them briefly, the authors concentrate on "blanket tests", i.e., those whose implementation requires neither an arbitrary categorization of the data nor any strategic choice of smoothing parameter, weight function, kernel, window, etc.
They describe and interpret the results of a large Monte Carlo experiment designed to assess the effect of the sample size and the strength of dependence on the level and power of the blanket tests for various combinations of copula models under the null hypothesis and the alternative.
For verification purposes, a blanket test case based on the Helium Cooled Pebble Bed Test Blanket Module was investigated.
Both rulings found that blanket testing was unconstitutional, amounting to unreasonable search and seizure.
In 1999, Ljungqvist helped abolish the blanket testing of women, but international competitions have continued to rely on sex-verification tests in isolated instances.
Such blanket testing would raise production costs, and discovery of a single case of mad cow disease, or even a false positive, might cause American beef sales to plummet.
In a country like the United States, where not a single indigenous case of mad cow disease has yet been detected in cattle of any age, such blanket testing is probably overkill.
Since Japan's first case of mad cow disease three years ago, the country has taken strong steps, including blanket testing of all cattle, to reassure consumers that it is safe to eat beef.
But Japanese producers argue that they test all cows bound for slaughter for the disease, while the American meat industry has resisted blanket testing, partly because of cost concerns.
"It could be argued that schools that apply blanket testing at all levels of teaching are going too far, because they could still maintain their ethos without religiously vetting every single post," he says.
The Harlem Hospital findings suggest that if blanket testing were more widespread, "the rates might be much higher than suspected in any number of inner-city neighborhoods around the country," said Dr. Stephen Nicholas, the head of the project, who is the director of pediatrics at Harlem Hospital Center and an associate professor at Columbia Medical School.
