Smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which provide motor activity in the blood vessels, airways, the bladder, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, exhibit remarkable phenotypic plasticity in congenital or acquired pathological conditions [9], [10].
Patients with prostate cancer, neurogenic bladder, urinary tract infection, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease were excluded.
However, recognized associations include: neurological impairment (multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury), neurological degeneration (Parkinson's disease, multi-system atrophy) and bladder outflow tract obstruction.
They showed no clinical evidence of BPH, neurogenic bladder, urinary tract infection, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or any other severe diseases.
Pelvic exenteration involves en bloc resection of bladder, genital tract, and rectum; it was first described by Brunschwig in 1948 [ 7].
Incomplete emptying is more likely in those with cystocele or prostatic obstruction, neurogenic bladder, urinary tract infections, diabetes, and overflow (unawares) incontinence.
Physiological distribution of I-MIBG can be found in structures that excrete catecholamines, such as the bladder, urinary tract and gastrointestinal system.
Thus, based on ecologic studies and animal studies, one could hypothesize that several organs could be targets of chromium carcinogenicity including the liver, kidney, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, the hematopoietic system and even bone.
For internal malignancies in organs such as the bladder, GU tract, and oesophagus, ALA-PDT has been used for palliative treatment of these cancers (Kennedy et al, 1996; Waidelich et al, 2001; Friesen et al, 2002).
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter and 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of COX-2 were previously reported to modulate the risks for prostate, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, bladder, biliary tract, and non-small-cell lung cancer [ 17, 19- 31].
