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A catheter was also placed in the urinary bladder to avoid urine retention.
Care should be taken to express the mouse bladder to avoid additional fluid in the RF field (bladder cannulation should be considered for long-term imaging protocols).
Surgical pathologists should be aware of this unusual feature of inverted urothelial papilloma of the urinary bladder to avoid misinterpretation with urothelial carcinoma with an inverted pattern.
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The mice were subjected to deep anesthesia (pentobarbital sodium 60 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally), and urine was collected by bladder puncture to avoid contamination by lower urinary tract cells.
To ensure consistent contact of substances with the bladder and to avoid reflux or leakage, the catheter was occluded and left in place for 30 minutes.
Previous studies demonstrated that a small volume of saline (10 to 25 ml) is required to prime the bladder in order to avoid overestimating the IBP [ 22, 24, 25].
Ideally, the bladder should be empty to avoid artefacts on PET images from high radioactivity concentration in the bladder.
It is impossible to avoid bladder emptying at some point prior to the 4 h scan.
Nerve-sparing techniques to avoid bladder dysfunction in abdominal radical hysterectomy have been established during the past two decades, and they have been applied to radical trachelectomy.
These findings may prove useful for future studies investigating dynamic 18F-choline PET for prostate applications, since scan time should be kept to a minimum for patient convenience and scanner throughput considerations and also to avoid bladder filling issues (which is not a consideration for the 11C-labeled derivative).
Female mice were used in this study to avoid bladder complications and urolithiasis that frequently occur in male mice following SCI [14], [28].
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