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Experimental results on both ultrasonic abdominal phantom and in vivo urinary bladder of human subject and comparisons with some popular algorithms are used to demonstrate its improvement in both reconstruction accuracy and efficiency.
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Radioligand binding studies confirm that muscarinic receptors in the bladder of humans and animals largely belong to the M2 subtype, with a smaller contribution of M3 and even smaller one of other subtypes [ 67 69].
Despite the much greater expression of M2 than M3 receptors in the bladder of humans and most other mammalian species (see 'Receptor expression patterns in airways and bladder' section), the direct contractile effects of muscarinic agonists is mediated primarily if not exclusively by the minor population of M3 receptors [ 36].
AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway alterations are very frequent in bladder cancer, with 73% of human bladder tumours characterised by alterations in one of the major pathway components: TSC1, PI3K (PIK3CA) or PTEN [29].
In the present study, we investigated if sunitinib malate could strengthen cisplatin cytotoxicity, using as in vitro models three human urinary bladder-cancer cell lines representative of human urinary bladder tumors: one nonmuscle invasive cell line (5637) and two muscle-invasive cell lines (T24 and HT1376).
The BBN model of bladder cancer is an excellent model of human urinary bladder cancer and has already led to a greater knowledge of its pathogenesis.
The objective of this study was to determine if SPARC expression was altered in cadmium (Cd2+) and arsenite (As3+) induced bladder cancer and if these alterations were present in archival specimens of human bladder cancer.
Furthermore, abnormalities in ATP release and in purinergic receptor expression have been noted in numerous studies of human bladder disease as well as in animal models of bladder pathology.
Our studies reported here support the role of CIP2A in bladder cancer progression and its usefulness for the surveillance of recurrence or progression of human bladder cancer.
Abnormalities in ATP release and in purinergic receptor expression have been noted in numerous studies of human bladder diseases as well as in animal models of bladder pathology [ 78– 84].
Broccoli sprouts have been reported to inhibit skin and urinary bladder carcinogenesis in vivo [ 24, 25] and also inhibit the proliferation of human bladder and prostate cancer cells in vitro [ 23, 44].
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