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Organic causes include feline urologic syndrome (urinary bladder inflammation and calculi, or stones, in the urinary tract), blocked or impacted anal glands, and constipation.
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) elevation and subsequent prostaglandin E2 (productionuction play a major role in bladder inflammation and hyperactivity.
Accordingly, blocking MIF-receptor interactions may be a means to pharmacologically disrupt bladder inflammation.
Thus, CXCR4 represents an alternative pathway for MIF-mediated signal transduction during bladder inflammation.
Thus, bladder inflammation may be regulated by variation in the host response.
Therefore, luminal MIF may contribute to bladder inflammation through binding to at least these two urothelial cell-surface receptors and suggests that blocking MIF or cell-surface receptors associated with MIF may prevent or ameliorate bladder inflammation.
Therefore, all of the components are in place during bladder inflammation for MIF-activated signal transduction to occur.
Therefore, chemokines (in addition to cytokines) likely represent important mediators of bladder injury and possible targets for ameliorating bladder inflammation.
Blocking activation of PAR1 receptors, blocking MIF or receptors for MIF should thus lead to decreased bladder inflammation.
Therefore, the function of these receptors during bladder inflammation was examined using intraluminal antibodies to both receptors.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed by urothelial cells that mediates bladder inflammation.
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