It now includes tumours of the breast, brain, prostate, colon, pancreas, ovary, lung, bladder, head and neck, as well as melanoma, sarcoma, AML, chronic myelogenous leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma and myeloma.That is quite a list.
The folate receptor (FR) has been identified as a new molecularly targeted entity, which is highly overexpressed on the surface of a spectrum of solid tumor cells, including ovarian, kidney, lung, brain, endometrial, colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, prostate, testicular, bladder, head and neck, breast, and non-small cell lung cancer.
Then, it was widely used for the treatment of many malignancies, including testicular, ovarian, bladder, head and neck, small-cell, and non-small-cell lung cancers [3].
The team took tumor cells from 46 patients with cancer of the bladder, head, neck, and lung and sequenced the cells' mtDNA.
Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), known as cisplatin, a platinum-based drug, is one of the most potent antitumor agents has been widely used in the clinic to treat a variety of cancers such as ovarian, breast, bladder, head and neck, and small cell lung cancer because of its potent activity to cross-link DNA upon entering the cells (Wang and Lippard 2005).
Associations between EMT-like properties and a stem-cell like cellular phenotype have not only been described in carcinoma of the breast and in NSCLC, but also in urinary bladder, head and neck, pancreas, and colorectal carcinoma; here, increased resistance to anti-epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR -directed thEGFR -directedassociatherapyh an EMT-lise phenotype of the tumor cells [115].
CA9 expression has been associated with tumor acid base homeostasis under conditions of hypoxia, cancer progression, metastasis, and impaired response to traditional therapy [ 4, 5, 9] and is found in many types of cancer, including those of the kidney, bile duct, stomach, esophagus, lung, breast, cervix, ovaries, bladder, brain, head and neck, and oral cavity [ 4– 15].
This receptor has been identified in various tumors including those in the breast, ovary, prostate, gastrointestinal tract, head, neck, bladder, brain, and skin.
Hepatocyte growth factor-mediated autocrine and paracrine activation loops are found in a number of human cancers, including breast, lung, bladder, gastric, head and neck, and brain cancers, as well as multiple myeloma (Christensen et al, 2005; Gherardi et al, 2012).
Despite its severe toxicity (Reese, 1995), cisplatin is a widely-used drug in the treatment of a variety of cancer, including ovarian, testicular, cervical, bladder, lung, head and neck, lymphomas, and brain cancers, both as chemotherapy alone and in combination with radiotherapy.
First, protein abundance data in 20 cancer types (brain, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, gall bladder, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, renal, skin, testicular and thyroid cancers and leukemia, lymphoma and sarcoma) were obtained from dbDEPC (54).
