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Comparisons of expression patterns revealed (1) the redundancy of bmp16 expression with its homologs in presumably plesiomorphic expression domains, such as the fin fold, heart, and tail bud, which might have permitted its loss in the tetrapod lineage, and (2) the loss of craniofacial expression and gain of swim bladder expression of bmp16 after the gene duplication between Bmp2, -4 and -16.
Among the genes identified, prostate expression of SPOCK3 (sparc/osteonectin proteoglycan/testican), MSMB, CXCL13 (chemokine ligand), PAGE4 (P antigen family member), and bladder expression of TRPA1 (transient receptor potential cation channel), HSD17B2 (hydroxysteroid 17-β dehydrogenase), IL24, SALL1 (Drosophila sal-like) were validated by qPCR.
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In bladder cancer, expression of AGR2 is absent in ~75 % cases; normal urothelial cells have moderate AGR2 expression (in comparison to that in prostate cancer cells) [ 5].
In invasive bladder cancers, expression of Bmi-1 protein in progression-free cancers was similar to that of cancers with progression (80.0% versus 82.4%, P > 0.5).
In the rat urinary bladder the expression of urothelial muscarinic M1 and M5 receptors is upregulated in the state of inflammation [ 48].
The current study demonstrates that significant difference of expression pattern of both markers in TCC and inflammatory lesions of bladder and expression of vimentin was closely associated with the grade of TCC.
To identify targets of genetic and epigenetic alterations on chromosome 11p15.5 in human bladder cancer, expression of the imprinted KIP2, IGF2 and H19 genes was studied by quantitative RT-PCR in 24 paired samples of urothelial carcinomas and morphologically normal mucosa obtained by cystectomy, and in bladder carcinoma cell lines.
As for the swim bladder-associated expression of bmp16, our observation is the first evidence of involvement of a member of the TGFβ superfamily in its development.
Although UHRF1 expression in invasive bladder tumours was not significantly higher than that in superficial bladder tumours statistically, expression of UHRF1 differed among the three groups by Kruskal Wallis test (P=0.0058).
Methylation-induced silencing of PRSS3 has been shown to be significantly associated with invasive bladder cancer, and expression of the C16orf74 gene locus has been shown to correlate positively with PRSS3.
Neither of the samples of normal bladder showed any expression of VEGF mRNA (data not shown).
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