Gall bladder cancer patients were compared with controls without a history of cholecystectomy (n=49), whereas patients with bile duct or ampullary cancer were compared with all control subjects.
Interestingly, the concentration of ADAM12 in the urine of patients with bladder cancer was significantly elevated compared with healthy patients (Frohlich et al, 2006), suggesting that ADAM12 may be secreted by malignant tissue.
In this meta-analysis, 306 cases of bladder cancer were identified, compared with 108.48 expected cases.
A large population study in patients with diabetes showed that the incidence of bladder cancer was four to five times lower compared with the incidences of liver, colon, and lung cancer (55).
For instance, significantly higher incidence of bladder cancer was observed in BBN-treated ER α knockout female mice, compared with wild-type female littermates, suggesting the preventive role of ER α in bladder cancer development [ 51].
An example of the functional classification of genes applied to bladder cancer is the study comparing the expression patterns of p53-mediated apoptosis in resistant tumour cell lines vs sensitive tumour cell lines using cDNA arrays.
In order to identify gene expression changes of relevance for early bladder transformation, the transcriptional profiles of 25 primary Ta tumours from bladder cancer patients were compared with those of nine normal bladder biopsies from patients with no bladder cancer history.
In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to determine whether the overall SIR of bladder cancer is increased in RTRs compared with the general population, which might be helpful in determining whether conclusive recommendations for bladder cancer screening in RTRs are needed.
A total of 11 cases of primary bladder cancer were identified for the cohort compared with 8.6 expected (standardized incidence ratio 1.28; 95% CI, 0.64 2.29) based on U.S. National Cancer Institute incidence rates.
Thus UUT-UC, compared to bladder cancer, is still relatively uncommon; however, it is often a highly aggressive tumour and the prognosis, in general, is poorer than that for urothelial cancer of the bladder [ 1].
