However, the bladder permeability barrier (BPB) for intravesical drug delivery restricts the penetration of chemical drugs and transgene expression.
In addition to differentiation, uroplakins play a fundamental role in the bladder permeability barrier [ 59], wound healing [ 60], bacterial adherence and infection [ 61], and possibility bladder inflammation [ 62].
Bladder's barrier function is conferred by a mucin layer formed by sulphated polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan (GAG), which covers the cellular apical surface.
Recently, the consideration that an urothelial disfunction could be the basis of benign bladder pathology: barrier disfunction in pathological bacteria urinary infections, increased permeability, decreased E-cadherin content, and an increased number of apoptotic urothelial cells in interstitial cystitis (painful bladder syndrome), has grown up.
Owing to the fact that intact urothelium can function as an effective barrier, bladder is suitable for intravesical instillation of oncolytic E1B-deleted adenovirus or adenoviral vectors.
As the major protein constituents of the apical membrane plaques that cover almost the entire urothelial surface, these proteins play an indispensable role in maintaining the bladder's permeability barrier function.
Using the survey and corresponding telephone interview data for each site, we chose 3 hospitals that varied in (1) geographic location, (2) bed size, (3) strategies used to implement the Bladder Bundle, (4) barriers to implementation as identified by staff, and (5) other hospital characteristics (for examples, see Table 1).
Decreased urothelial differentiation is usually associated with incomplete barrier formation and bladder dysfunction.
The function of the urothelium was long considered only to be a barrier against the bladder urine content.
Unique differentiation of urothelial cells with expression of specific proteins' uroplakins and their organisation into urothelial plaques ensures proper functioning of the urinary bladder as urine-blood permeability barrier in healthy individuals.
