The bones link the swim bladder and inner ear and serve to enhance hearing by conducting pressure changes produced by externally originating sound waves from the swim bladder to the ear.
In the hardhead sea catfish Galeichthys felis the tripus, intercalarium, scaphium and the interossicular ligaments are developed at 14 mm total length (TL) (this species lacks a claustrum), but a "continuous stretch of tissue" between the bladder and inner ear is not yet developed at this stage [21].
Although Dehadrai [ 16] performed histological analyses of the swim bladder, he did not describe or illustrate histological sections showing the contact region of swim bladder extensions and inner ears.
In our study, we, therefore, asked (1) whether a direct anatomical connection exists between the swim bladder extensions and inner ears in E. maculatus and, if so, (2) whether the extension is linked only to the lagena or also to the saccule and (3) whether internal bullae are present.
These orders are divided into two groups, or series, based on the presence or absence of the Weberian apparatus, a bony connection between the swim bladder and the inner ear that enhances the perception of sound.
In addition, characters from molecular sequence data and a reinterpretation of the similarities between the bony connection between the swim bladder and the inner ear of clupeiforms and ostariophysans led to the proposal that these two groups of lower teleosts are closely related and should be classified together as otocephalans.
The klotho is documented to predominantly express in kidney and choroid plexus of the brain, although a slight expression of klotho has also been observed in the pituitary gland, placenta, skeletal muscle, colon, urinary bladder, pancreas, testis, ovary, and inner ear [ 13, 36].
She fought bladder and lung cancer, but also inner demons.
These otophysan fishes share modifications of the inner ear, gas bladder, and of the four or five anterior vertebrae and associated elements together called the Weberian apparatus [ 3].
The human kidney is organized into an outer cortex and inner medullary pyramids that culminate in renal papilla which drain to the bladder [ 23].
Urothelial carcinomas originate from the epithelial cells of the inner lining of the bladder and may appear as single or as multiple synchronous tumors.
