Consequently, power systems have a heightened risk of large-scale blackouts [1], which have happened several times in the past few years, such as the North American blackout in 2003 [2], the Japanese blackout in 2010 [3] and the Indian blackout in 2012 [4].
Consequently, local accidents can easily result in large-scale blackouts [3].
Recent blackout reports have identified that failings in protection systems have contributed to several recent blackouts [7, 8].
However, incorrect protection actions have played a role in the initiation and propagation of several major blackouts [7],[8].
The maloperation of zone 3 relays was identified as a significant contributing factor to recent blackouts [7][36].
The incorrect operation of protection relays has contributed to a number of cascades failures and blackouts [7, 8].
After proper islanding, the frequency and voltages should be within the prescribed limit to avoid further blackouts [12].
Lack of such wide area visibility has been a major contributing factor to many major power system blackouts [29, 30, 31].
The incomplete or missing data can make the power grid unobservable and vulnerable, and even aggravate the cascading effects in large-scale blackouts [28], [38].
However, the most important and challengeable applications are the implementations of wide area stability real-time detection and control to prevent blackouts [14].
In the latest of a series of blackouts, 18,000 people were left without power on Tuesday.
