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Different specimens were prepared with different binders and wearing course based on the calculated pre-optimum bitumen amount, and the optimum bitumen amount was experimentally determined for each layer.
The quantification of bitumen amount and composition between different reservoir units was used to define OWCs.
Thirdly, the optimum bitumen amount, plastic deformation, bearing capacity and the fatigue life were studied in accordance with the tests described in the European Standards.
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In order to determine whether the best fiber ratio (0.50%) might result in a better stability value for other bitumen contents, extra specimens were prepared with different bitumen amounts and with the best and five different fiber ratio values close to the optimum value.
Did these donations have anything to do with the investigation found, Clinton's State Department approving the Alberta Clipper, a controversial pipeline carrying large amounts of tar-sands bitumen from Alberta to Wisconsin?
Mr. Laut said that the amount of pressure needed to force bitumen through the protective rock layer "is significantly higher" than that used by the company.
A large amount of condensed water near thermal fronts tends to substantially decrease the effective permeability to bitumen in the conventional gravity drainage process.
The study found that the amount of carbon dioxide emitted in the production process would need to be cut by about 85percenttoto make bitumen crude comparable with conventional crude — far beyond even the most optimistic forecasts for carbon capture and storage.
Another by-product was bitumen.
Although a small amount of fines was required to recover bitumen in the absence of process aids, an excess of fines was always detrimental to bitumen recovery.
Bitumen "A" was extracted by Soxhlet extraction and rotary evaporation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com