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If bitstreams are switched at these points, then no bits in the buffer are wasted and the buffered bits before and after the switching will be independent.
When the number of bits in the buffer is more than a predetermined threshold, it will lead to frame skipping as will be discussed later.
Whenever the number of bits in the encoder buffer increases beyond this threshold, typically one frame is skipped so that the number of bits in the buffer falls below the threshold.
More specifically, its RTS transmit power is reduced by Δ for conservative yielding if the number of bits in the buffer exceeds the buffer threshold, or increased by Δ otherwise.
If (Q_{k_{w}}(t)+A_{k_{w}}(t)- V_{k_{w}}(t)>r_{k_{w}}^{n_{w}}(t)), it means that the number of allocated SB is not enough to transmit the remaining bits in the buffer.
If (A_{k_{1}}(t)>r_{k_{1}}^{n_{1}}(t)), it means that allocating SB is not enough to transmit the bits in the buffer for the most emergent user queue.
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Furthermore, B and τ B denote the number of bits waiting in the buffer and the buffer threshold, respectively.
To further illustrate this point, in Fig. 8, we assumed an unconstrained encoder buffer size, and recorded the number of bits accumulated in the buffer for the three video sequences when the source rate was r s=48 kbps.
Meanwhile, the opportunities of generous yielding disappear as the number of bits waiting in the buffer increases with the packet arrival rate (which is equivalent to the situation in which the packet size increases when the arrival rate is fixed), which ultimately reduces the throughput gain of the proposed scheme.
It should be noted here that the bits available in the buffer other than those needed to reconstruct the frame just before the switching are useless and are simply wasted.
The state of the Fano decoder is represented by the input buffer occupancy or queue length when a codeword just finishes decoding, which is measured in terms of branches or information bits stored in the buffer.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com