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The doping rate P is an important parameter of the doping module, where every P th information bit is replaced by the RSC encoded bit (as shown in Figure 2).
DACC has the same structure as memory-1 half rate systematic recursive convolutional code (SRCC), however, its outputs are mostly the systematic bits where only the every P d 1th systematic bit is replaced by the accumulated coded bit (P d 1 denotes the doping ratio).
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In a quantum computer, bits are replaced by "qubits" which are in a "superposition" of states partially 0 and partially 1.
In a quantum computer these normal bits are replaced by a "superposition" (the qubit) of both 0 and 1 that is unique to the ambiguous world of quantum mechanics.
Thus, the first few unreliable decoded bits are replaced by those decoded bits obtained in the second traverse of the circular decoding trellis.
By the application of Bayes rule and assuming equi-likely input bits, (7) is replaced by Λ = log p ( y | x = 0, h ) p ( y | x = 1, h ).
The only difference is that the 24-bit shift register is replaced by a 24-bit barrel shifter (BS).
In case of LSB replacement [2, 3], the least significant bit of each pixel of the cover image is replaced by the next bit of the secret message to be embedded.
When the three 32-bit multiplier in Figure 13 is replaced by TP multiplier as per TP logic, it can perform one 32-bit multiplication or two 16-bit multiplications.
But for N/2 MSB multiplication, P23 is replaced by the sign bit neg3 by multiplexer.
To keep the D-ACC's code rate equal to one, the interleaver's output is replaced by a D-ACC-coded bit at every P th bit.
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