During each T-second elementary symbol interval, after a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulator, the bit information is modulated into M QAM -ary QAM symbols.
Painted on raw canvas entirely in black that is modulated into an impressive range of dark grays, they resemble velvety charcoal drawings, but their compositions are barbed.
The binary information is modulated into "0" and "1".
Then the processed signal is modulated into the parameter of Liu system.
The symbols have to be demodulated back to bits and then the union of two sets of bits is modulated to a new symbol.
First, at the source node S, the information bits are modulated and mapped into M OFDM symbols with N subcarriers by N-point FFT as X k =[xk,0,xk,1,…,xk,N−1∣k∈M]. Then each OFDM symbol is preceded by the a cyclic prefix (CP) with length l SR.
The information bits are modulated such that the presence of light pulse transmits bit '1' and the absence transmits bit '0'.
The interleaved bits are inserted with some unique words (for demodulation purpose), and then these bits are modulated to symbols.
These K 2 bits are modulated and then encoded with the D-STBC.
The encoded bits are modulated using the constellation mapping given in Tables 3, 4, and 5.
