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In IEEE 802.15.4, each data bit is encoded to data symbols and then direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) spreads the data symbols according to the given chipping sequences.
The fingerprints were adapted for storage in Apache Lucy as follows: identification of each fingerprint bit is encoded to a 36-bit integer and converted into a corresponding 6-byte base64 word suitable for being stored as a term in text documents.
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Fig. 3 Nine bits are encoded to two consecutive symbols.
According to the coding rules proposed in [4] (Fig. 3), nine bits are encoded to two consecutive symbols.
When the first bit is 0, the subsequent bits are encoded to two DP-QPSK symbols; if the first bit is 1, the subsequent coding method is decided by the second bit and, then, PS-QPSK or DP-QPSK are encoded with different sequence according to the second bit. Figure 4 shows the I-part constellation of 6PolSK-QPSK; the constellation consists of two parts.
The WID is prepended by a sequence of N preamble bits, and then Manchester coded (MC) using the same MC codes (bit 0 is encoded to (1, 0) and bit 1 is encoded to (0, 1)) as in IEEE 802.3 [23].
Since each information bit is encoded into two symbols with bits individually, a total of bits will be required for the encoding process.
The signal of a tag consists of a preamble (6 bits), a postpreamble (8 bits) and an RN16 (16 bit), and each bit is encoded with FM0.
However, in the coded case, each message bit is encoded by a generator matrix into a number of coded bits which are mapped into any 4/16-QAM constellation point across all symbols.
All audio files were encoded to 16 bits at 16 kHz in Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA), and transformed into audio signals by a soundcard (Creative SoundBlaster, Milpitas, CA), and played through headphones (Koss UR29, Milwaukee, WI).
Their algorithm encoded each letter in the English alphabet using binary codes of length 5, with each bit being encoded by a codon.
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