The Motorola group has built as a prototype a 256K M-RAM unit, that is, a memory with 256,000 storage or bit elements in it, each bit element a miniature magnetic sandwich placed in the metal grid.
"If you have a switch the size of 100 nanometers and you want to put the bit elements on top, it can't be 100 times larger, it must be the size of the transistor," Dr. De Boeck said.
A basic design is proposed for a classical bit element of a superconducting circuit that mimics a frustrated multiband superconductor and is composed of an array of π-Josephson junctions (π-junction).
Each bit (element) in R s is denoted as Bx, and x = 1 to N + 3 denotes relative bit position in each row.
Table 1 FPGA resource usages of proposed skin color detection Chip family Cyclone IV E Device EP4CE115F29C7 N Total logic elements 9,216 LEs/114,480 (8%) De-mosaicking and camera controller 1,275 (1.1%) TC algorithm 7,646 (6.7%) Touch screen control 295 (0.2%) Embedded multiplier 9-bit elements 21/532 (3.9%) Total embedded memory bits 57,400 bits/3,981,312 (1.4%) Total PLLs 2/4 (50%).
Using the above encoding, each individual is represented by a set containing 24-bit elements.
In fact, the default setting in GPU-MCML for pre-Fermi GPUs is to declare an array of 32-bit elements in the shared memory since the 64-bit atomicAdd operation to shared memory is only supported on Fermi GPUs.
They used common Intel processors with the SSE2 instruction set, supporting 16-bit elements, and produced a software tool called SSE2, which was mainly written in C with p-thread API.
In addition, we found a few approximately 5-µm-long and approximately 400-nm-wide, isolated elements that are composed of several intertwined, coiled fibres (figure 1 c) that have a significantly lesser angle of coiling than the rather strongly compressed, simple spiral of the 'drill-bit' elements (figure 1 d– f).
The PLINK 1 binary file format supports this well: the format's packed 2-bit data elements can, with the use of bit arithmetic, easily be processed 32 or 64 at a time.
The Am2045 chip uses 130-nm standard-cell technology and provides 360 32-bit processing elements and a total of 4.6 Mb of distributed RAM, working at a maximum frequency of 333 MHz and featuring a power consumption about 10 W. It also includes two DDR2-400 SDRAM interfaces and a 4-lane PCI-Express, to enable fast internal and external I/O transactions.
