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From 1999 to 2008, PMMR of Shanghai, one of the most prosperous provinces in China, was about 10 per 100,000 live births, comparable to the level of many developed countries.
According to the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the country is experiencing a high neonatal mortality rate at 37 per 1000 live births, comparable to the average rate of 35.9 per 1000 live births for the African region overall [ 10].
Infant mortality rate has constantly decreased to 7.7 per 1,000 live births, comparable to the one in the United States and only slightly higher than in Europe [ 11, 12]; adult literacy rate has reached 96.5% in 2007 19900: 78.3%) [ 13].
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However, a study from Erbil, Iraq on live births between 1990 and 1999 revealed an unexpected high rate of 23.9 per 1000 live births, comparable to that of western countries [ 16].
Independent data from the Medical Birth Registry in Norway, confirmed that the stillbirth rate in our total cohort of births was comparable to the rest of Norway in the baseline observation (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.70 1.65, p = 0.73), and significantly lower during the intervention period (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.47 0.87, p = 0.005).
The incidence rate of preterm birth increased gradually from 56.7 to 105.2 per 1,000 live births, which was comparable to the overall preterm birth rate in China (7.1 %) in 2011 [ 16], while the incidence of preterm mortality decreased remarkably from 95.1 to 13.4 per 1,000 live births from 2001 to 2012 in Hubei Province, China.
For preterm birth, results were comparable to the main analysis when we excluded facilities with the large proportions of births with missing data, and when we adjusted exposure levels for women who gave birth in Brazilian clinics near São Paulo using data from ground-based monitors; there was no evidence that preterm birth was associated with PM2.5 (data not shown).
The most recent data (24 cases born between 2000 and 2005) showed an incidence of 3.8 cases per million live births (one in 260,000) and this is comparable to the 4.6 cases per million live births calculated from the eight cases reported to the Slovakian registry between 1981 and 2004 [ 4].
Participants ranked these experiences as among the most meaningful in their lives, comparable to the birth of a child or the death of a parent.
Levels of maternity service identified in the Rural Birth Index are descriptive but comparable to the definitions of levels of service in the Australian National Maternity Services Capability Framework NMSCFF) [ 25].
We therefore consider the characteristics of the cohort presented here to be generalisable to the Australian population and comparable to the Finnish birth cohort [ 26].
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