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Given the proportion with missing birthplace data, our migrant-specific prevalence rates represent minimum estimates and may further underestimate the true prevalence of diagnosed T2DM in Victoria.
Choe et al found, in an analysis based on imputed SEER birthplace data, that foreign-born Asians were slightly more likely than US-born to present with advanced stage and have decreased stage-adjusted survival [ 17].
The total number of births in the NHS trust was calculated by summing ONS data on maternities in 2009/2010 for each of the maternity units in the trust (OU, AMU or FMU) and adding to this the estimated annual number of planned home births in the trust (from Birthplace data).
These are now either dated, consider only a few countries/regions of birth, have insufficient power to detect immigrant differences, apply national prevalence estimates by broad migrant groupings and prevalence rates in countries of origin to local population birthplace data, and / or do not age-adjust.
Firstly, birthplace data were used on the basis of two assumptions: a) the workers born in Gela were likely to have been residents in Gela at least during the employment period; b) the workers born in Sicilian municipalities other than Gela might have been or not been residents in Gela during the employment period.
The impact on case counts within groups defined by nativity is likely small, given that nativity was imputed for about one-quarter of cancer patients, and that prior research has found high accuracy for cancer registry birthplace data [ 23, 24, 50].
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As a control group, we obtained 47 healthy controls that were matched for age and birthplace, and data from the controls were collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, which is a standardised set of medical records introduced in Sweden in 1973 (Cnattingius et al, 1990).
3, 4 The Birthplace study collected data on 79 774 'low' and 'higher risk' births between April 2008 and April 2010 from 142 NHS trusts (97% of all trusts providing home birth services across England), 53 FMUs, 43 AMUs and a stratified random sample of 36 OUs.
Although the study did not break out data by birthplace within race/ethnicity, it is likely that a much higher percentage of Hispanic than white adults were foreign born, and that this had an effect on the English language literacy proficiency levels of Hispanic adults.
However, the possibility of error due to the software not identifying rare South Asian names or to the large amount of missing data on birthplace and religion cannot be excluded.
We used data from Birthplace staffing logs to estimate the proportion of shifts where the total number of women in the delivery suite or labour ward exceeded the number of midwives on duty as a measure of midwifery staffing.
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