Sentence examples for birth material from inspiring English sources

However, of these farmers, only 48 had contact with lambs with SBV characteristic malformations, whereas SBV was laboratory confirmed in the livestock of only 36 participants (52 in Technical Appendix), but the level of exposure through contact with affected animals and/or birth material is difficult to quantify (4 ).

This lack of virus isolation implies that the number of persons in this study directly exposed to infectious virus particles from affected animals and/or birth material might be lower than assumed on the basis of the number of participants reporting this exposure.

Therefore, if SBV is zoonotic, transmission could have occurred to persons who could have been exposed to infected vectors (residents, farmers, veterinarians) and/or through direct contact with animals that had congenital malformations or with birth material, e.g., during assistance at deliveries (farmers, veterinarians).

The second possible exposure could occur through contact with affected animals and/or birth materials.

Direct exposure to newborn ruminants and/or birth materials was reported in 76% of the study participants.

Furthermore, finding RNA in birth materials does not give any information about the actual presence of infectious virus particles in these materials.

Attempts to isolate viruses from such specimens have met with little success, and further research is needed to address the issue of infectivity of birth materials.

Birth preparedness activities to overcome the second and third delays include planning where to give birth, identifying a birth attendant, planning for transportation, saving money, buying birth materials, and finding a blood donor (9).

In addition, the birth defects in lambs and calves increased the need for assistance from veterinarians during parturition, and high loads of viral RNA were detected in birth materials of sheep and cattle (6 ).

A third option is that exposure to newborns and their birth materials has a higher risk for infection if exposed persons had blood contact with the affected materials (e.g., by hand wounds).

The questionnaire addressed demographics, the animal species involved, the type and level of exposure (birth materials, feces, milk or other products, insects), protective equipment used during work, general health, (recent) health complaints, and presence of wounds on hands.