Studies looking at the sex ratio at birth have shown that there is a strong gender bias in India, favouring boys.
Targeted interventions to address modifiable risk factors for preterm birth have shown promising results, but more research through randomised controlled trial (RCT) design is required [ 34].
Studies in children, born after preeclamptic pregnancies and who were relatively small at birth, have shown an increased risk of stroke in adult life, an increased risk of coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome [ 4- 6].
The combination of GADAs and IA-2As has a high sensitivity and specificity for type 1 diabetes in family members, although prospective studies from birth have shown that IAAs are usually the first or among the first antibodies to appear in young children (6– 8).
14 Studies that have examined the effects of neonatal unit designation or volume of neonatal care provided at the hospital of birth have shown that low designation level or volume is associated with increased rates of mortality, 1 10 decreased infection rate, 7 increased severe periventricular haemorrhage 11 and increased bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Studies of water immersion during labor and water birth have shown that water immersion during labor is associated with a shorter labor as compared with conventional labor and delivery in a bed [ 4, 5, 15, 17] as well as a lower cesarean delivery rate [ 15].
10 12 Studies exploring the impact of organisational factors, including obstetric and midwifery staffing, 13 unit size and the level of specialist care available, 14 16 on intervention rates during labour and birth have shown inconclusive or mixed results and there is little evidence from the UK.
Research on explanations for the deprivation gap in neonatal mortality among singleton births has shown that it is predominantly explained by increased rates of prematurity and its associated complications.
The health of artificially conceived children has steadily improved in the last 20 years with fewer babies being born prematurely or affected by low birth weight, research has shown.
The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study has shown that shortness at birth was associated with increased hip fracture risk.
