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After concluding chronic stress treatments, birds were exposed to the subsequent challenge of a superficial wound.
Birds were exposed to three separate conditions (control temperature (22 °C), increasing temperature (22 34 °C), and high temperature (34 38 °C)) in a repeated measures design, with each condition lasting 21 min.
The birds were exposed to loud music and photograph flashes, and from there, two birds were selected to be pardoned: the first choice and, yes, an understudy.
Peak prevalence when all birds were exposed on day one (θ = 1) reached 85%.
All birds were exposed to six different acoustic stimuli in six random ordered experiments.
In laboratory challenges, susceptible (contact) birds were exposed to AI virus by close contact with infectious individuals and a contaminated environment.
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In nature, birds are exposed to a multitude of contaminants and other environmental stressors, and synergistic and additive effects may occur.
However, birds are exposed to potential predators and forays are therefore brief.
Under the alternative system, known as "controlled atmosphere killing," birds are exposed to a rising concentration of gas (typically carbon dioxide) until they lose consciousness. .
In extensive systems, the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds.
Therefore, if Salmonella is present in the litter, the birds are exposed at a time when they are highly susceptible.
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