The benefits of almond removal by birds are calculated based on various assumptions on nut removal by the farmer (mechanically or by hand) and on the (labour) costs associated with this nut removal.
On the basis of these protocols on agonistic and affiliate interactions, the relationship valence among birds was calculated and the resulting components were labeled as value, compatibility, and security [ 16].
The daily quantity of dust shed per bird was calculated by fit ting a cubic spline to dust MDV data provided from the same experiment [ 30].
The percentage of similarity and divergence values between each sequence (goose and other thirteen bird species) were calculated through MegAlign program of the DNASTAR software package.
For both ducks and in-contact chickens, bird-level seroprevalence (proportion of study birds with antibodies to avian influenza [H5]) and flock-level seroprevalence (in which at least 1 study bird had antibodies) were calculated for each of the 7 sampling periods and pooled across the entire study period.
Bray Curtis cluster analysis, Shannon, Simpson and Margallef diversity index were calculated from bird species of each site using Bio Diversity Pro 2.0 Professional freely available software.
Frequencies were calculated for all birds and then independently for Silkie, junglefowl and GP.
In order to facilitate comparisons with other studies of gene expression in birds the Fold Changes given here were calculated separately on unlogged data for the significant genes, as mean male-expression over mean female-expression.
ORs of the variables involving minimal distances to the nearest body of water, wetlands, transportation routes, bird migration routes and main cities were calculated for a ten-kilometer difference.
Estimates of bathymetry, and remotely-sensed sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), and primary productivity were calculated for each bird location based on previously described methods [36], [40].
