In addition, line differences at 18de and 16wk were observed, with RBC2 birds expressing myostatin significantly higher than F birds at 18de.
For example, birds express two PKD isoforms that most closely resemble mammalian PKD1 and PKD3, and either of these two kinases can phosphorylate and regulate the nuclear export of the class II HDACs (histone deacetylases) HDAC5 and HDAC7 in avian B-cells [ 4].
By one hypothesis49, the high degree of pallial interconnectivity in birds may explain why birds express both slow wave sleep and clear evidence of sleep-dependent memory processing15,19,44,45,50,51,52.
In rural areas, where crows are more likely to be viewed as noisy "flying rats" and shot, the birds expressed their displeasure from a distance.
As a result, male birds express sex-linked genes at up to 40% higher levels than females--an imbalance biologists had assumed would be lethal.
The vibrant, autumn-colored birds express fire in flight.
Authors of these studies suggested that, in high-density colonies, birds express more aggressive interactions in relation to territory defence.
This appears consistent with previous reports that the HVC of non-singing birds expresses low levels of activity-regulated transcription factors (e.g. zenk and c-fos), and with a recent microarray study that found that 12 out of 32 (∼38%) confirmed singing-induced HVC markers were related to transcriptional activity [36].
In contrast, the under-representation of genes primarily localized to the nucleus, including genes with DNA binding and transcriptional activity (Fig. 4B), is consistent with previous reports that the HVC of non-singing birds expresses low levels of activity-regulated transcription factors (e.g. zenk and c-fos).
As LTI birds express more fear reactions to humans than do STI quail [26], their adopted young, through a learning-by-observation process and also in association with unpleasant physical contacts (scared mothers sometimes tread on chicks), could have develop a higher level of fear of humans than had chicks reared by STI mothers.
