Sentence examples for bird vaccination from inspiring English sources
Bird vaccination campaigns involve a huge amount of labor because the animals must be injected one by one.
For large industrial barns with a high stocking density of birds, vaccination does not offer any protection against outbreaks of all strains analyzed here when infected dust over 100mg is introduced (Fig. 3c).
9. Mackenzie D. Bird flu vaccination could lead to new strains.
The daily probability of infection depends only on the concentration of virus-infected dust in the air and a bird's vaccination status (Table 1, estimated from data reported in Atkins et al. (2013)).
The daily probability of death due to MDV is determined by the parameters of a Weibull survival analysis: the shape parameter (r), and the scale parameter, the latter of which is dependent on both the virulence of the infected virus and the bird's vaccination status.
In our experiment, a faster decrease in MDA levels in MDA+0/V birds after vaccination could be attributed to immunophagocytosis.
The above observation is additionally validated by faster viral clearance in the upper respiratory tract and a significant decrease in MDA levels in MDA+0/V birds after vaccination.
Regardless of the birds' age, vaccination of MDA- turkeys resulted in strong stimulation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the Harderian gland and tracheal mucosa, whereas vaccination of MDA+ birds stimulated mainly CD4+ T cells in those structures.
The observed differences in aMPV/A replication in nasal choanae between the MDA+0/V and MDA-0/V groups could be associated with high antibody levels in MDA+ birds upon vaccination.
An increase in the level of anti-aMPV IgY antibodies was noted in the serum (but not in tracheal washings) as early as 7 days after vaccination, but only in birds possessing low levels (MDA+ birds vaccinated at 2 weeks of age) or no maternal anti-aMPV antibodies at the time of vaccination.
Serum samples collected from vaccinated birds before each vaccination and before challenge were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests for antibodies to the H7 subtype.
